Soft Water and Suds

Soft Water and Suds

Tap water in many parts of the country contains minerals that can interfere with the cleaning ability of detergents. That's why water softeners are popular in these locations. Water softeners remove these minerals. In this experiment, you will make "hard" water from distilled water, which contains no minerals, and is therefore "soft." You can then compare the sudsing ability of a detergent in soft and hard water.
For this experiment you will need:

• 500 milliliters (2 cups) distilled water
• 5 milliliters (1 teaspoon) epsom salts
• 2 empty and cleaned 2-liter plastic soft-drink containers, with screw caps
• several drops of liquid dishwashing detergent (not the kind for automatic dishwashers)

The Collapsing Can

We are so accustomed to the pressure of the air around us that we don't even notice it. However, the air pressure is large enough to crush a soda can. You can see the air crush a can in this experiment.
For this experiment you will need:

• an empty aluminum soft-drink can
• a 2- or 3-liter (2- or 3-quart) saucepan
• a pair of kitchen tongs 

Egg In a Bottle

Egg In a Bottle

Here's an amazing way to get a hard-boiled egg into a bottle, even though the mouth of the bottle is smaller than the egg! What's more, you don't even need to touch the egg to get it to go in!
For this experiment you will need:
    • a hard-boiled egg
    • a glass bottle with a mouth just slightly smaller than the egg (a fruit-drink bottle works well)
    • a 8-cm by 8-cm (3-inch by 3-inch) piece of newspaper
    • a match
Remove the shell from the egg. Set the egg on the mouth of the bottle to see that the egg does not fit through the mouth.
Fold the piece of newspaper into a strip that can be dropped into the bottle, about 1 cm by 8 cm.
Light the match and use it to ignite the folded strip of paper. Remove the egg from the mouth of the bottle and drop the burning strip of paper into the bottle. Before the fire goes out, set the egg back onto the mouth of the bottle. Within a few seconds the egg will squeeze through the mouth and into the bottle.
As it entered the bottle, the egg may have broken into pieces. This happens when the diameter of the egg is more than about 0.5 cm (about 3/16 inch) larger than the diameter of the bottle's opening. A medium or small egg may be small enough to enter the bottle without breaking. Also, rubbing some cooking oil onto the mouth of the bottle will make it easier for the egg to slide into the bottle without breaking.
A similar effect can be produced using a water-filled balloon in place of an egg. Just pour water into a round balloon to fill it without stretching it, then tie it shut. When the filled balloon is the size of an egg, it can be used in the same way as the hard-boiled egg.
Why does the egg slide into the bottle, even though no one is pushing it? Because the pressure of the air is pushing it. Before the burning paper was put into the bottle, the pressure of the air inside the bottle was the same as outside the bottle. The burning paper, however, heats the air inside the bottle. This causes the air inside to expand. When the egg is placed on top of the bottle, it seals the bottle, and the fire eventually goes out. When the fire goes out, the air inside the bottle cools. As it cools, the air contracts, and the pressure of the air inside the bottle becomes less than the pressure outside. Then, the higher outside pressure pushes the egg into the bottle!